4 questions | Applied Sciences homework help

1. If the patient dies, say that the treatment was ap- plied too late.

Personal Glimpse figure 16-2. Ad from the 1920s. C.R. Chamlee claimed that a Pacific island shrub produced his “cures,” but chemical analysis revealed that “Chamlee’s Cancer Specific” contained only alcohol and water, with small amounts of iron, strychnine, and saccharin. Federal authorities stopped his mail-order business, but for several more years he was able to dispense the product from his offices in Chicago and Los Angeles. Part Four Personal Health Concerns336 Historical Perspective Some Notes on Cancer Quackery Andrew C. Ivy, a widely known medical researcher who was vice-president of the University of Illinois. Durovic solicited Ivy’s help in testing a compound he called krebiozen, which he claimed was produced by injecting Argentinean horses with Actinomyces bovis, the microorganism that causes a disease called “lumpy jaw” in cattle. From the blood of these horses, Durovic said he extracted a “whitish powder” that he mixed with mineral oil. Ivy, who had served as executive director of the National Cancer Advisory Council, was impressed by the results ob- tained on a number of cancer patients and publicly supported krebiozen. However, in 1952 six prominent physicians re- viewed 500 of Ivy’s cases and concluded there was no accept- able evidence that krebiozen had benefited any of them. Dr. Ivy refused to accept these conclusions, and the controversy continued. In 1961 the NCI received a small amount of kre- biozen along with clinical data from 4200 patients, of which 504 cases were submitted for review. Twenty-four scientists then conducted a study and concluded that krebiozen was ineffective against cancer. In 1963 the FDA identified krebiozen powder as creatine, an amino-acid constituent of meat and normally found in the body. The FDA reported that krebiozen sold before 1960 consisted of mineral oil only, whereas after 1963 it contained creatine monohydrate, which would not dissolve in mineral oil. Meanwhile, the Cancer Advisory Council of the Califor- nia State Department of Public Health had concluded that krebiozen had no value in the treatment of cancer. In 1964 Dr. Durovic, his brother Marko, Dr. Ivy, and Dr. William P. Phillips were indicted on 49 counts of violating the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, mail fraud, mislabeling, mak- ing false statements to the government, and conspiracy. All were acquitted in 1966. The verdict did not alter the fact that krebiozen has no anticancer effect in humans, but loss of this case was very discouraging to the officials who had worked diligently to try to protect the public. Laetrile is the trade name for a synthetic relative of amygdalin, a chemical in the kernels of apricot pits, apple seeds, bitter almonds, and some other stone fruits and nuts. Many promoters have called it “vitamin B17” and have falsely claimed that cancer is a vitamin deficiency disease that Laetrile can cure. Proponents claim that Laetrile kills tumor cells se- lectively while leaving normal cells alone. Although Laetrile During each decade between 1940 and 2000, at least one dubious cancer treatment attracted a large following and become a national issue. The most prominent have been Koch’s glyoxylide in the 1940s, the Hoxsey treatment in the 1950s, krebiozen in the 1960s, Laetrile in the 1970s, immuno- augmentative therapy in the 1980s, and shark cartilage during the 1990s. The Hoxsey method, developed by naturopath Harry M. Hoxsey in the early 1920s, involved three elements: a liquid for internal use, a corrosive external compound, and supportive treatment. The internal substance contained potassium iodide (an expectorant), licorice, red clover, burdock root, stillingia root, berberis root, poke root, cascara (an herbal laxative), prickly ash bark, and buckthorn bark. The external substance was a yellow powder, a red paste, or a clear solution containing one or more chemicals capable of destroying cancerous tissues on contact. Unfortunately, they destroy healthy tissue as well. The supportive treatment included preparations containing iron, urinary antiseptics, vitamins, laxatives, and antacids. Three times during the late 1920s, Hoxsey was convicted of practicing medicine without a license. In 1930 he was per- manently enjoined for violating the Iowa Medical Practice Act. In 1936, after unsuccessful attempts to practice in other states, he moved to Dallas, Texas, where he maintained a thriving practice until vigorous FDA action drove him to Mexico. In various trials against Hoxsey, the government presented scientific evidence that his “cured” patients fell into three categories: (1) those who never had cancer, (2) those who had been cured before going to his office, and (3) those who still had their disease or died under the Hoxsey treatment. Hoxsey, who based his defense on testimonials from 22 patients, won the case. However, the FDA, which suspected that the judge had once been a Hoxsey patient, appealed the case and had the decision reversed. In 1963, after Hoxsey’s appeal to the Supreme Court failed, he moved his clinic to Tijuana. He died in 1973, but the clinic was operated for many more years by a nurse who had worked with him. The krebiozen story illustrates how a reputable scientist may become misdirected. In 1949 Dr. Steven Durovic, a physi- cian from Buenos Aires, came to the United States to work with scientists at Northwestern University on a “whitish powder” called kositerin, which he thought was useful in treating hy- pertension. The substance proved useless, but Durovic met Dr.