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Civil Rights Movement Archive Example Segregation Laws Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws Throughout the South, states, counties, and municipalities had a bewildering array of inconsistent segregation laws mandating the separation of the races. Tens of thousands of men, women, girls, and boys — most of them Black, some white — were arrested during the Freedom Movement for violating these dehumanizing laws. The few examples below are typical of the southern segregation laws that were eventually over-turned by Federal court rulings the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Birmingham Public Accomodation Segregation Laws SECTION 359. SEPARATION OF RACES It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theater, picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ballpark, public park, or other indoor or outdoor place, to which both white persons and Negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow herein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibition, speech or educational or entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theater, picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place, has entrances, exits, and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, unless the entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of white persons are distinctly separated from those set aside for and assigned to the use of Negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are affectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use of such race. SECTION 369. SEPARATION OF RACES It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place of the serving of food in the city at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. SECTION 597. NEGROES AND WHITE PERSONS NOT TO PLAY TOGETHER. It shall be unlawful for a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards, dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who being the owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent, of any tavern, inn, restaurant, or other public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee or such owner, proprietor, keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a Negro and a white person to play together or in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers in his house or on his premises shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in Section 4. Montgomery Bus Segregation Laws SECTION 10. SEPARATION OF RACES—REQUIRED Every person operating a bus line in the city shall provide equal but separate accommodations for white people and negroes on his buses, by requiring the employees in charge thereof to assign passengers seats on the vehicles under their charge in such manner as to separate the white people from the negroes, where there are both white an negroes on the same car; provided, however, that negro nurses having in charge white children or sick or infirm white persons, may be assigned seats among white people. (Code 1938 : 603.) SECTION 11. POWERS OF PERSONS IN CHARGE OF VEHICLE. Any employee in charge of a bus operated in the city shall have the powers of a police 4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Example Segregation Laws https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 1/2 office of the city while in actual charge of any bus, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the preceding section, and it shall be unlawful for any passenger to refuse or fail to take a seat among those assigned to the race to which he belongs, at the request of any such employee in charge, if there is a seat vacant. (Code 1938 : 604.) Copyright © Webspinner: [email protected] (Labor donated) 4/24/25, 3:46 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Example Segregation Laws https://www.crmvet.org/info/seglaws.htm 2/2 Birmingham Manifesto April 3, 1963 [The direct-action phase of the Birmingham Campaign commenced on April 3, 1963 when ACMHR issued the Manifesto below and more than 60 protesters trained and led by SCLC staff began sitting in at downtown lunch counters. At a time when Blacks who defied the status quo faced arrests on trumped up charges, beatings, bombings, and shootings, it took enormous courage for Shuttlesworth and Smith to sign this public declaration of resistance to the established order. ] The patience of an oppressed people cannot endure forever. The Negro citizens of Birmingham for the last several years have hoped in vain for some evidence of good faith resolution of our just grievances. Birmingham is part of the United States and we are bona fide citizens. Yet the history of Birmingham reveals that very little of the democratic process touches the life of the Negro in Birmingham. We have been segregated racially, exploited economically, and dominated politically. Under the leadership of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, we sought relief by petition for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation and the institution of a merit hiring policy in city employment. We were rebuffed. We then turned to the system of the courts. We weathered set-back after set-back, with all of its costliness, finally winning the terminal, bus, parks and airport cases. The bus decision has been implemented a begrudgingly and the parks decision prompted the closing of all municipally-owned recreational facilities with the exception of the zoo and Legion Field. The airport case has been a slightly better experience with the experience of hotel accommodations and the subtle discrimination that continues in the limousine service. We have always been a peaceful people, bearing our oppression with super-human effort. Yet we have been the victims of repeated violence, not only that inflicted by the hoodlum element but also that inflicted by the blatant misuse of police power. Our memories are seared with painful mob experience of Mother's Day 1961 during the Freedom Rides. For years, while our homes and churches were being bombed, we heard nothing but the rantings and ravings of racist city officials. The Negro protest for equality and justice has been a voice crying in the wilderness. Most of Birmingham has remained silent, probably ,out of fear. In the meanwhile, our city has acquired the dubious reputation of being the worst big city in race relations in the United States. Last fall, for a flickering moment, it appeared that sincere community leaders from religion, business and industry discerned the inevitable Confrontation in race relations approaching. Their Concern for the city's image and Commonweal of all its citizens did not run deep enough. Solemn promises were made, pending a postponement of direct action, that we would be joined in a suit seeking the relief of segregation ordinances. Some merchants agreed to desegregate their rest-rooms as a good-faith start, some actually complying, only to retreat shortly thereafter. We hold in our hands now, broken faith and broken promises. We believe in the American Dream of democracy, in the Jeffersonian doctrine that "all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these being life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." Twice since September we have deferred our direct action thrust in order that a change in city government would not be made in the hysteria of community crisis. We act today in full Concert with our Hebraic-Christian tradition, the law of morality and the Constitution of our nation. The absence of justice and progress in Birmingham demands that we make a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive. We demonstrate our faith that we believe that The Beloved Community can come to Birmingham. We appeal to the citizenry of Birmingham, Negro and white, to join us in this witness for decency, morality, self- respect and human dignity. Your individual and corporate support can hasten the day of "liberty and justice for all." This is Birmingham's moment of truth in which every citizen can play his part in her larger destiny. The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, in behalf of the Negro community of Birmingham. F. L. Shuttlesworth, President N. H. Smith, Secretary 4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Birmingham Manifesto https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 1/2 Copyright © Webspinner: [email protected] (Labor donated) 4/24/25, 3:47 PM Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Birmingham Manifesto https://www.crmvet.org/docs/bhammanf.htm 2/2 l:iP!!IlillL MAILING .frOll): STDllEN:l; NOUVIOLENr COORDIN1t.TING COJ.i}.ITTEE 8l Rivrnund Street, N.1~. Atlanta 14, Oeorgia SFl:tIAL INFO!.ii-L.TION RE: 688--0331 September 16, 1963 !UWNG!{{JIJ BOM:EJINGS MID KILLI!IOS - WF.AT YOU CAN DO - H03IllZJi rION m· H,,PIONAL PnES.:ilRE Four children died in tbe dynw tin8 of the J.6th 5-t;reet Baptist Churoh in Binnine,ham, ,..lab.uu;;i, on Sunday, September 15, 1963, and by nightfall, two other Negr~ Y?Uthls were de.:td, one ld.lJ.ed by a city p,;1icerr,an. 'I'his is the 2.3.rd bm,bing in E.1,t~1gham 1n a m.,tter of 111onths. Local, state and federal authorities have y•t to solve even one of t!Jese c1·imes. The t:l.rgets of the b01J1bs have consist.en~ been the l1veo andjj,:openy ot ,,et,;t•oes. Bil'l11ingh= is t.he only heavily industriaJ.Ued city in the South. .But the industries of Binn~~lllll are not owned or "ontrolled by southerners. Thoy ere br,mohes or !inns which ,•perate on a n!itionaJ. or intel•natioruu basis ar.d uhos,. .st,oc:thald.ar11 anti diractors are among the rnost. powerful men in the United States. . The power of these corporation heads to influence pub.lie 11.ffairs in Bi.mingbam was clearly reve!!lHd las~ ~ay when lucal representatives o£ the principal indust-ries ui the city fomed a cornmitte:i to nogot:.ate a settlement of Negro grievances. 1.ccord:i.ng-to snch reliable journs.lii;ts as J.ur.es Reston o.r the Mei, ~ ~os, tht?Se lneal indaaLr;• rl3])l'es<intativGS ac-t,cd upon instructions of their corpora1:e super.tors, a.-id a.f'ter repe.;t.ed 1•94uests from the Presider.t an:! the +,orne;, General, 'Ihe ~g:-ee:111:.,t reached betwe.m thil industry representotives and "" lElllders, thouiJt i1,itially di:ievo'Wed by tha Eirrrdngharn public of.Cioials, .1 the settlement later ac.lcnowled~ed by thcae officials. We shall not discuss here tho adequacy or i.n.:ldequacy of the terl'lS fo~ ed upon the Negroes, nor shr.11 we e,,rc.ne.nt uPOU the ract that the ackno-wledgemmt of reiiponaibility by ~dU3trial hoa.is w'ls long overdue. Lcoal .ind state authorities refuss:i to rem~dy t.'ie grie\"M\OG:l or the Nagroes snd the .l"aderal rmthoriti.es felt; (or said they felt) impotont to do so. We refuse to accl!pt the idea that 1 t is only the ]01,1er cb"s \1hi r,es who det8l'fllille the course of ra-:ial rrog:-mn; !.n the ~•>ut.'tarn sl:.lte!l. Rather, it is the sil~nce of t.he res.l lea:l'¼reldp-eo~nonio interests, lllMY of which are located in the l.orwi-~lhich encourage3 raeinl violence and condones police brut.el:l. ty, On the bnais of Whet "e learnei last spring, conditions can be expecte:l to reu..;in as they .ire in Birmin~arn 'lmlas-s anrl unr."il t,he 1"".PSic-n:11,;.o IH.>::thon1 lJ''nnor~jr leac:a~sn1p finds i:t 1)1"0ftta-ble-to exert it~. Wo therof-,re r01uRst all friends of Justice aod supporters of StlCC t,;i rise in prot,l!St of 'tho da;-,1orsble absenoe of re:,ponslble action on the part of tile city and state oi'!"1ci.tls and Lhe fodei.·al government. .But especially, we appt!al to you and ask thaL yon use ~very possibl.a meon:1 to exert p'l'!!SSure on the corporation executives who contl·ol much of I:irmin,?.hrun • s econo11Jic and racial 'OOlicies. These industrialists, by their silencC! and inaction, are supporting the killine of innocent children It 111 apparent tha ~ indus ~ry has m11Ch to ga;i.n by the inaintenance of the racial stat;ua quo, which pcirrr.i~e the eicploi tat,j,on 01'. cheap, unsl-'.illed and disenfranchised labor. It is now time for arou~ed citizens t-0 show these corpora tions that the name of tqeir industries and the ~a of their products is ,,:teniably linked with the plir,ht or terrorized Negroes in :liminr,harr .. . • iinals all over the nation must shou these corporate officials that their ~~.,• has been perrnan'lntly blemished by their silent refusal to further infl11e~ce ,rn city of Bi1•r,un!')lam toward fair and equitable treatment of all citizens under the U. S, ConstitutiOll. "EIS IS WHt.T YOU CAN no, Wire or write Attorney Gener,al Robert Kennedy, aeking. for strong and decisive federal intervention.

• DemaJ)d action by the industrialists listed in the followin!': fact sheet throup,h tel.egrams, letters and personal visits.

Petition ~od ori!>Ulu:e demonstrations or vi~s: a) Publicize t.he role of Northern capihl in surporting segregationist racial policies. (Denionstrate at the offices of the corporations or t,he re,idenees of the corporation heads.) be) :lema11d federal ectiol\ of strength (Dernona!,rate at federal offices or bull.dings) ) PTOtest the failure of Bi.mingham officials to apprehend those responsible for hhe 20 sOllle boMbings of a racial ni.t.ure which have occurred. there in the past few months.) Elave letters published in local. nB\lspapers and national publications pointing out the crucial role played by nort;hern induatl"ia.l interest3 in Birmin,jlam. (over) Pt-CT SHEET arr IIIDUSTIUJJ, IN'l'EP.ESTS IN BIR}'lNG!lAM, ALA.BJOO\ The foJ.lowirt~ U.S. corparm_~ns emigoy over 35>1 of the manu.faaturing workers of Bi=d.n~ham. _¼).&v 11:ited are ~! oltiielr meet -powerful di!'ectors. l'tl'l'ED STATES STEEL, 71 Broadway, New York 6, N. Y. ,;J, , es H, Bell. llusiness address: Chai= and President, General Mills, Inc., JO \layzata Blvd,, Mirtnenpolis 26, Minn. Residence: 501 !31;\ahaway Rd., ay2.ata, . ..nn. JSllles .B. Black, Business addreos: Chairman and Director of Pacific GBs & Electric Co,, 245 !'3rket St., San Francisco 6, Calif. Residence: 1100 Sacramento st., San Francisco 8, ca1i.1', Harllee Branch, Jr.. Business address: President and Director, Southern Co,, lJ.30 West Peachtree Si•, N.v,., htlanta, Georgia. Residence: .3106 Nancy's Creek Rd., tl.vl., Atlanta, Oeorgia. l'hilip Re!!lll Clarke, BQsiness address: 13.5 South La sails St., Chicago .3, Ill. Resi dence: 419 South Oak st,, Hinsdale, m. C.F. Cra~g. Residence: 335 l'.ountnin Ave., Ridgewood, Mew Jersey, John J.., Fuller, Business address: Sha"'1nigan \•.later and Power Co., 600 Ibrchester Blvd,, West, 11:>ntireal 2, Canada. Henry To-.nley Heald. llu'liness address: President and Trusl,ee, Ford Foundation, 477 Hadison Avenue• Ne-H York 22, N. Y • .:trthlU' A. Roughton. Busine-&s address: President, Steuben Glass, 715 Fifth Ave., New York 22, N.Y. Res.idence: .3 s-~tton Pl.ace, New York 22, N.Y. c. Jared Ingersoll,. ,iiladel.plrl,a 2, Pa. Business address: Chairman, ~iuskogee Co., Girard Trust Bldg,, Residence, h'hitamarsh, Pa. le •nder C. Nagle. Business address: Director, First National City Bank of N. Y., _ J Park 1.ve., New York 22, N.Y. Residence: l Oak Lane, Scarsdale, tJ.Y. ,fo;,;.,ph P. Spang, Jr. Business address: Director, GiJ.lette Co., Gillette Park, Boston 6, Mass. Residence: 40 C'hurchill.e Lane, till.ton 66, .M..-i11s. Enders M, Voorhees. Residence: ll East 68th Street, New Y-ork 21., N. Y. 'ienry Smith ,lingate. &lsinesa address: Chairman and Director, International. /Jickel Co., o.f Canada, Cl'lpper au.t:f, Ontario, Canada. Reaid90oe: 520 East 86th St,, New :Cork 28, tJ. r. ST, REGIS P,\PJ:R, 150 East 42n~ St., !Je,.-York 17, N.Y. William R.. !\dams. Business address: President and Director, St. Regis Paper Co., 150 East 42nd St., tvew York 1. 7, N. Y. Residence: New Cana.an, Conn. J, Howard taeri. Businass address: Executive Vice President, First !!ational Oity Bank of N. Y., 399 Park ><Ve., New York 22, tl. Y. Residence: Meadowcroft .I.Elna, Greenwich, Conn. W. Irving Osborne, Jr. Business address: President and Director, PuJ.lman Tnc., 200 5outh 1'.l.chiga.n Ave., Chicago 4, Ill. Residence! 349 l{ing--Muir Rd., Lake Forest, ill, '"!TI~MAJUET'I'-. OORl'O!V'I'ION, 35◊ Park Ave., New York 22, N,Y, Lexander B, ll.o;yce • .Business address: Partner, Chadbourne, Parke, Wh.lteside & Wolf'<>, 25 Broa.dwa.1, New York 4, N.Y. " '\ I. srencer. Brzsiness address: Chairman, Fiduciar;r Trust Co, or l!ew York, 1 :ul St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: Harris Road, Bedford HiJ.ls, t .Y. George Maverick Bunder. Corp,, 350 Park 1'.ve,, ton 16, n.c. Business address, President ~d Dirl"ctor, Martin-M.iriotta Ne" York, N. Y. Residence: 4940 I,,djan lane N,11. 1 ashing- LONE ST,'IR CEME~1'CORPORATIO?l, 100 Pa'.rk Lane, New York 17, N. Y. Charles E. Beard. .Business addr.,au Pre,.ident nntl Direel.()t•, Brlll'.liff Airways, .Ex. change Park, Da.llas 35, TexBS, • -2- George Evans Clark. Business address: Executive !'resident, ,\.dams Eitpress Co., 48 Wall St., New York 5, N.Y. Residence: 15 Verna Hill Rd., Fair.field, Com., Jolin H. Mathie. Business address: Predden~ ;i.nd Di.rector, I.one Star OemE!llt Co., 100 Park Ave., New York J.7, N.Y. !lesidence: Manursing \Jay, Rye, N,Y. Stanley De J. Osbo':'ne. Bllc:inese address: :>resident and Director, Ol in-Uathieson Corp., 460 Park Ave., New York 22, N. Y. Residence: 1 East End Ave., New York 21, N.Y. Ienry B. Sargent. Business ad:lress: Pr-esident anei Director, American and Foreign Power Co., 100 C~urch St,, New York 7, N.Y. Residence: 19L5 North 5t,, Fair field, Conn. G?-egg Stone. Busi.."'less address: 75 Federal St., Boston 10, :zass, Residence: . _4 l'..uwder 5t., Dedhrun, Mass. ti .S. PIPE Fu'ID FOI.JMrntY COMPnnY, 330 F:b-st ive,, N., Birmi.nghrun, 1Uabar..a.. H. Van Brunt MoKeever. New York 4, N, Y. Business address: Partner, Goodbody" And Co., 2 Broadway, Residence: Short Hills, New Jersey, Roy W. Moore, Jr, Business acl:h-ess: Prai;ident and Director, Canada Dry Corp., 100 Park 1,ve., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: l4lll. Hillside Rd,, Fairfield, Conn. REPUBL[G 5'l'Efil._, Republic Building, Oleveland 1 1 Ohio. C.R. Black, Jr, Business address: Chairman and Treasurer, C.R. Blaok, Jr. Corp,, 90 John St,, New York .38, N. Y. Residence: 740 Park Ave., JJew York 21, tJ. Y, Jlll!leB Bruce. Burirtess address: 230 Park Ave., New York, M.Y. Residence: 150 East 69th St.,, Kew York 21, M, Y. ',rthur ,illiar.i St.eudel. Bueine&B add.Ne": Chairman, ShBl"\.rin-~11 J 1J am" Co. 1 101 Pro!! pect. ;we,, N.IJ, CJcvel.md 1, Ohio. Rerldlll'lce: 153')2 Edgewater Dr,, '.Utkewood 7, Ohio. "'Jlomae F. Patton, Buainess address: !Teoident. and DJ.rector, Republic Steel Corp., RepUbllc Bldg,, Cleveland:, Ohio. Residence: 2711 Landon Rd,, Shakei• !!eights 22, Ohio. \RB!SON~IAIKE!t P.E''RACTORIT.S, Farmers Baok Building, l'itteburgh 22, ?a, ~1 c. Crott. Bulrl.ness adireaa: Chairr.lan, Great. tlortheru l>apor Co., 522 Firth ~ve., New York 36, N.Y, Residence: 1021 !l8l'k Ave., tlew York 28, !J.Y. tJ~'l'OO OORPORATIOO, 327 Fifth A•:e., Pittsburt,;n 22, Pa. M,G. Hulme. Business addraos: Presidr.nt and Direct.or, Hulme, Applegate & Humphrey, Inc., Union Tru1Jt Bldg,, P'lLtsbur&h 38, Pa, Hl.l'l'TIC S.-.SH :.ND DOOR, 1206 S. VandovGnter ,\vo., st. Louis 10 1 Mo. August .\, Busch. Dunness address: Chairman, President. and Director, Anhell$er-Busch, Inc., 721 Pestalozzi st., St. Louis, )lo. Freel. '/. Stewa:rt.. Business address: Vice President, Treasurer and llirector, lfuttig Sash and Door, 1206 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis ( o.f whioh Birmingham Sash anr( Door is a subsidiary). Residence: Rt. 1, l.oods ;fill Rd., Manchester, Mo, Jamea Parker Hickok, !lusiness address: ChairmAn, Fir:st. No.tionlll 13.lnk, 510 l.Qcust St., St, Louis l, l·!o, Resicl.ence: 1.2 Fair Ce.ks, St. Iouis 24, ~!o, Oa.vid R, c.~lhoun. Business address, President and Director, St, Louifl Union Tri.let Co,, 510 l,ocust. St., St. I.ouiB, Ho, Resicl.ence: 58 Kingsbury Place, St. Louis, Mo, UNION CARBIDE CORPORATIOH, 270 P!Lrk live., New York 17, N,Y. Howard S. !lwm. Business address: Vice Chairman ancl. Director, Union Carbide Corp., 270 Park ,\ve., New York 17, N.Y, Reeidence: 22 !'idwood Terrace, l!ladison, Wisc. e s. Dial. Business addness: Chairman and Chief E:Kecutive OUice:r, Union Car bide Corp., 270 l'll.rk Ave., New York 17, 1'.Y. Paul ,\, Corman. BusineSII address: Ex:ecutive Vice President, ,\merican Tel, 8c Tal., 195 Broadway, New 'fork 7, t-;.Y. Residence: 272 Fairmowit Ave,, Chatham, N,J, -3- Wllliar.i S. Gr-ay, Business address: Hllnu.fllcturers Hanover Trust Co., 350 Park Ave., New York 22, N, Y. Residence: 351 Erskine Rd., Stamford, Conn. Kenneth R. Hannan, Carbide Corp., eanaan, Conn. Business address: Eirecutive Vice President and Director, Union 270 Park .Ave., New York 17, N.Y. Residence: canoe Rill Rd., New J. Victor Herd. Business address: Chairman, Continental Insurance Co., 80 Maiden Lane, Ne1,1 York, N. Y. Residence: 2 ~lontngue Terrace, Brooklyn, N. Y. George H. Love. Business addrMS: Chairman, Consolidation Coal Co., P:Oppers Bldg., Plttsburgh, Pa. Residence: 5920 Braeburn Place, Pittsburgh 32, Pa. c.i.my Nason, Business address: President and Director, Union C!l:rbide Corp,, 270 ''-rk l.ve., New York J.7, N.Y. Residence: 12 Pryer lilne, Larchmont, N.Y. :'ameth Rush, B>Jsineas address, Executive Vice President e.nd Director, Union C.,U-bide Corporation, 270 Park Ave., New York 17, N. Y. Residence: N. JY'..o.nursing Island, Rye, N.Y.

SOURCES OF INFORMATIO!!_

l Infornation olltsined from INDUSTRIAL ALABAMA a publication of the Alabama Cham':>er of Commerce; ar:d the U:s.-Cii!llsus, Soci~ and Economic Character istics of l\l.Abrun:l, 1960.