Provide a reply a a dnp student of at least 250 wwords, using | Nursing homework help

PRovide a reply a a DNP student of at least 250 wwords, using references from the last 5 years (different from post) Carg928100 MAria a For the past 100 years, U.S. health care services have dramatically transformed over the years, driven by demographic shifts, advances in science, economic pressures, and public policy initiatives. Health care in the early 20th century was episodic, physician-centered, and hospital-based with limited access to organized insurance coverage. With wage control laws, employer-sponsored insurance during World War II saw a major shift in the model. Employers were then incentivized to offer health benefits and to make those arrangements part of their labor force; in effect, health insurance was integrated into the workforce. Though this model increased workers’ access, it produced disparities among unemployed, elderly, and low-income population. An important change started in the middle of the 20th century with the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, which dramatically widened the care pool for seniors, individuals with disabilities, and low-income populations. By pushing utilization of hospital and physician services higher and expediting the expansion of the system, these programs transformed the way health care is delivered. Later decades saw increasing costs cause policy shifts toward managed care models (health maintenance organizations [HMOs]), which prioritized cost containment, utilization control, and care coordination to drive the shift toward managed care. Managed care was efficient but also raised questions about provider choice and quality of care. A second, significant shift occurred in U.S. health care toward value-based care, population health management, and quality accountability in the latter half of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), for example, expanded insurance coverage, enhanced preventive services, and implemented payment reforms that attached reimbursement to quality and outcomes, rather than volume alone. The ACA also spurred the integration of electronic health records, quality reporting, as well as care models like Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). More recently, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, structural weaknesses in the health system became evident, which also helped bring up policy priority on public health infrastructure, health equity, telehealth expansion, and workforce resilience. These trends highlight the growing need for systems-based leadership, policy advocacy, and data-driven decision-making among nurses, with implications from a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) perspective. AACN Domain 3: Population Health, as well as Domain 5: Quality and Safety. DNP-prepared nurses are uniquely placed to influence health system transformation through evaluating policy impacts, improving models of care delivery, and advocating for equitable access to high-quality care. By recognizing the historical development of U.S. health care services, DNP leaders can identify current obstacles and address them so that they can drive sustainable, patient-centered, value-driven health system change.

References:

American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2021). The essentials: Core competencies for professional nursing education. Washington, DC: AACN. Tikkanen, R., Abrams, M. K., & Schneider, E. C. (2020). U.S. health care from a global perspective, 2019: Higher spending, worse outcomes? The Commonwealth Fund. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2022). National health expenditure trends and policy implications. Baltimore, MD: CMS.

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