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Each week, each student will post one discussion question to the discussion forum for each chapter (some modules/weeks have 2 chapters). *And, each week, each student will be required to respond to two of the posts in each chapter’s forum. **Late posts will lose 1 point for every day that it is late for 7 days, after which it will be a zero.** Grading Rubric: Discussion Forum Questions will be based on these criteria: 1. Questions should require responses that meet the response criteria (3 points) 2. Questions are based on material from the textbook, not just simple opinion questions and shouldn’t require material from outside sources. (2 points) 3. Questions need to be clearly stated, understanding what is being asked by all other students in the class. (3 points) 4. Questions should be written in proper grammar and sentence structure. (1 point) 5. Questions should be original and unique- NOT copied from the chapter titles or subtitles or other students. (1 point) **Students earn up to 10 points for each Discussion Forum Question. Grading Rubric: Discussion Forum Responses will be based on these criteria: 1. Responses should be 5-10 sentence paragraphs and 60-100 words. If you read a question that doesn’t require enough material, add material to your response or answer a different question. (3 points) 2. Responses should have accurate information, found in the textbook material— the answer will show that a student has fully read the chapter. (2 points) 3. Responses are meaningful, well thought out and push the discussion forward (see below description of examples of a meaningful post). (3 points) 4. Responses should be written in proper grammar, sentence/paragraph structure. (1 point) 5. Responses should be original and unique, your own thoughts- NOT copied directly from the text or other students. *If you use an outside source (not necessary), please completely site the source. (1 point) **Students earn up to 10 points for each Discussion Forum Response.

A meaningful post tends to:

· Provide concrete examples, perhaps from your own experience or cited from the reading · Identify consequences or implications · Challenge something that has been posted – perhaps by playing devil’s advocate in a professional way · Pose a related question or issue · Pull in related information from other sources with proper citation – books, articles, websites, courses, etc. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved stress and health Psychology, 4th Edition Saundra K Ciccarelli, J. Noland White Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Links to Learning Objectives

11.1 How do psychologists define stress?

11.2 What kinds of external events can cause stress?

11.3 What are some psychological factors in stress?

11.4 How does stress affect the physical functioning of the body and its immune system? 11.5 How do cognitive factors and personality differences affect the experience of stress?

11.6 What social factors influence stress reactions?

11.7 What are some ways in which people cope with stress reactions?

11.8 How is coping with stress affected by culture and religion?

11.9 What are some ways to become a more optimistic thinker?

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stress and Stressors Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stresses and Stressors 11.1 How do psychologists define stress?

• Stress: Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events
• Stressor: Cause of stress reaction
• Distress: Effect of undesirable stressors
• Eustress: Effect of positive events

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Catastrophes

• Unpredictable, large-scale events
• Create a tremendous need to adapt and adjust
• Create overwhelming feelings of threat

Environmental Stressors 11.2 What kinds of external events can cause stress? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Environmental Stressors Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS): Measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS): Measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events STRESS Major Life Changes Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sample Items from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Environmental Stressors

Lazarus and Folkman: Hassles:

Frustrations, delays, irritations, minor disagreements, etc. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychological Stressors Pressure: The psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations from outside source Uncontrollability: Degree of control over event or situation

11.3 What are some psychological factors in stress?

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychological Stressors Frustration: The psychological experience produced when a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need is blocked • Persistence • Aggression • Displaced aggression • Escape or withdrawal Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychological Stressors CONFLICT: Pulled toward two desires/goals, only one of which can be attained Approach-Approach Conflicts

GOAL #1

GOAL #2

Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

GOAL

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts

GOAL #1

GOAL #2

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physiological Factors: Stress and Health Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved “Fight or flight” Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division 11.4 How does stress affect the physical functioning of the body and its immune system? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved “Rest and digest” Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved General Adaptation Syndrome Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Illustration of General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1: Alarm Stage 2: Resistance Stage 3: Exhaustion Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Immune System: • Cells, organs, and chemicals that respond to disease, infection, and injury • Negatively affected by stress Immune System and Stress Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Immune System and Stress Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for heart attacks. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Immune System and Stress

• Weight problems and stress – Type 2 diabetes
• Cancer and stress – Depresses release of

natural killer cells Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cognitive Factors in Stress Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach: Appraisal of stressors is major factor in level of stress • Primary appraisal • Secondary appraisal 11.5 How do cognitive factors and personality differences affect the experience of stress? Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cognitive Factors in Stress Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stress and Personality TYPE C Pleasant Repressed Internalizes anger/anxiety TYPE B Relaxed Less competitive than Type A Slow to anger TYPE A Ambitious Time conscious Hardworking Often hostile Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Personality and Coronary Heart Disease Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stress and Personality Hardy personality: Thrives on stress, but lacks the anger/hostility of Type A Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stress and Personality Optimists look for positive outcomes and experience far less stress than pessimists, who take a more negative view. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Click here to view a video about learned optimism on mypsychlab.com. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Poverty Job stress Acculturative stress Social Factors in Stress Lack of sufficient money to provide basic necessities of life can lead to many stressors.

11.6 What social factors influence stress reactions?

• Workload • Lack of control • Lack of job security • Work schedule • Low job satisfaction • Burnout

Methods of acculturation: • Integration • Assimilation • Separation • Marginalization Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Social support systems are important in helping people cope with stress. Stress and Social Factors Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coping With Stress Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Coping With Stress Coping strategies: Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressor effects Problem-focused coping: Eliminate/reduce source of stress via direct action Emotion-focused coping: Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction

11.7 What are some ways in which people cope with stress reactions?

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Meditation and Coping Meditation: Mental exercises to refocus attention; trancelike consciousness • Concentrative: Focusing mind on repetitive or unchanging stimulus to clear mind/relax

• Receptive: Becoming aware of everything in immediate consciousness

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Culture, Religion, and Stress

• Different cultures perceive stressors differently.
• Religion helps with coping. – Social support system – Meaning and purpose – Healthy habits – Sense of control

11.8 How is coping with stress affected by culture and religion?

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: Becoming More Optimistic Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Becoming More Optimistic 11.9 What are some ways to become a more optimistic thinker?