Mental health disorder | English homework help
- Choose a topic or disorder that interests you. 3. In 2 to 3 paragraphs, respond to the questions below.
● What disorder do you want to research for your paper due next week? ● Why did you choose this disorder? Note: In this paper, do not share personal information (yours or someone else’s) or share to the extent that you feel uncomfortable with your topic. Your paper should include and incorporate one scholarly source, which can be your textbook.
Rubric PSYC_160_OL - Topic Proposal
Criteri a Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learnin g Outcom e Topic 40 to >35.6 ptsMeets or Exceeds ExpectationsAn appropriately narrow, unique topic is clearly identified. 35.6 to >30.0 ptsMostly Meets ExpectationsA topic is clearly identified but may be too broad, too narrow, or lack originality. 30 to >23.6 ptsBelow ExpectationsA topic is identified but is too broad, too narrow, or unclear. 23.6 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsA topic is not clearly identified. 40 pts This criterion is linked to a Learnin g Outcom e Mecha nics and APA 10 to >8.9 ptsMeets or Exceeds ExpectationsThe assignment consistently follows current APA format and is free from errors in formatting, citation, and references. No grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. All sources are cited and referenced correctly. The paper meets all assignment criteria in length, structure, and source criteria. 8.9 to >7.5 ptsMostly Meets ExpectationsThe assignment consistently follows current APA format with only isolated and inconsistent mistakes and/or has a few grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Most sources are cited and referenced correctly. The paper meets most of the assignment criteria in length, structure, and source criteria. 7.5 to >5.9 ptsBelow ExpectationsThe assignment occasionally follows current or outdated APA format with multiple mistakes and/or grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Few sources are cited and referenced correctly. The paper meets some of the assignment criteria in length, structure, and source criteria. 5.9 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe assignment does not follow current APA format and/or has many grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Many sources are cited and referenced incorrectly, or citations and references are missing. The paper meets few of the assignment criteria in length, structure, and source criteria. 10 pts Total Points: 50 USE the TEXTBOOK Module 38 The Major Psychological Disorders LEARNING OUTCOME LO 38-1 What are the major psychological disorders? Ayisha’s first panic attack was a surprise. Visiting her parents after college, she suddenly felt dizzy, broke into a cold sweat, and began hyperventilating. Her father clocked her pulse at 180 and rushed her to the hospital, where all symptoms vanished. She laughed it off and returned to her apartment. But the panic attacks continued. At the gym, at work, in restaurants and movie theaters, Ayisha was never safe from them. Not just frightening, they were downright embarrassing. She quit her job to work at home. She avoided crowds and turned down invitations to dinners, parties, and movies. The only way to escape humiliation was to wall herself inside her apartment with a blanket and a pillow. Ayisha suffered from panic disorder, one of the specific psychological disorders we’ll consider in this module. Keep in mind that although we’ll be discussing these disorders objectively, each represents a very human set of difficulties that influence and, in some cases, considerably disrupt people’s lives. Anxiety Disorders All of us at one time or another experience anxiety, a feeling of apprehension or tension, in reaction to stressful situations. There is nothing “wrong” with such anxiety. It is a normal reaction to stress that often helps rather than hinders our daily functioning. Without some anxiety, for instance, most of us probably would not have much motivation to study hard, undergo physical exams, or spend long hours at our jobs. But some people experience anxiety in situations in which there is no apparent reason or cause for such distress. Anxiety disorders occur when anxiety arises without external justification and begins to affect people’s daily functioning. We’ll discuss three major types of anxiety disorders: phobic disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. PHOBIC DISORDER Forty-five-year-old Jackson is terrified of electricity. He’s unable to change a lightbulb for fear of getting electrocuted. The thought of static electricity on clothing sends him into a panic. He can’t even open a refrigerator door without being terrified a short circuit will send electricity through his body. And thunderstorms? Forget it: He is beside himself with fear of getting electrocuted by lightning (Kluger, 2001). Jackson suffers from a specific phobia, an intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. For example, claustrophobia is a fear of enclosed places, acrophobia is a fear of high places, xenophobia is a fear of strangers or foreigners, social phobia is the fear of being judged or embarrassed by others, and—as in Jackson’s case—electrophobia is a fear of electricity. The actual danger posed by an anxiety-producing stimulus (which can be just about anything, as you can see in Figure 1) is typically small or nonexistent. However, to someone suffering from the phobia, the danger is great, and a full-blown panic attack may follow exposure to the stimulus. Phobic disorders differ from generalized anxiety disorders and panic disorders in that there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction. FIGURE 1 Phobic disorders differ from generalized anxiety and panic disorders because with phobic disorders, a specific stimulus can be identified. Listed here are a number of types of phobias and their triggers. Table Summary: A table summarizes descriptions and examples of 7 phobic disorders listed in column 1. The example for specific phobias is not provided. Phobic Disorder Description Example Agoraphobia Fear of places, such as unfamiliar or crowded spaces, where help might not be available in case of emergency Person becomes housebound because any place other than the person’s home arouses extreme anxiety symptoms. Specific phobias Fear of specific objects, places, or situations Animal type Specific animals or insects Person has extreme fear of dogs, cats, or spiders. Natural environment type Events or situations in the natural environment Person has extreme fear of storms, heights, or water. Situational type Public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying, driving Person becomes extremely claustrophobic in elevators. Blood injection injury type Blood, injury, injections Person panics when viewing a child’s scraped knee. Social phobia Fear of being judged or embarrassed by others Person avoids all social situations and becomes a recluse for fear of encountering others’ judgment. Source: Nolen-Hoeksema, 2023. (spider) Pets in Frames/Shutterstock; (needle) Stockbyte/Photodisc Collection/Getty Images; (woman) Maridav/123RF; (businessman) JohnnyGreig/E+/Getty Images Page 468 Phobias may have only a minor impact on people’s lives if those who suffer from them can avoid the stimuli that trigger fear. For example, a fear of heights may have little impact on people’s everyday lives (although it may prevent them from living in an apartment on a high floor). On the other hand, a social phobia, or a fear of strangers, presents a more serious problem. For example, in one extreme case, a Washington woman left her home just three times in 30 years—once to visit her family, once for an operation, and once to purchase ice cream for a dying companion (Wong et al., 2011; Stopa et al., 2013; Lau et al., 2021). PANIC DISORDER In another type of anxiety disorder, panic disorder, panic attacks occur that last from a few seconds to several hours. Panic disorders do not have any identifiable, specific triggers (unlike phobias, which are triggered by specific objects or situations). Instead, during an attack such as those Ayisha experienced in the case described earlier, anxiety suddenly—and often without warning—rises, and an individual feels a sense of impending, unavoidable doom. Although the physical symptoms of a panic attack differ from person to person, they may include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, unusual amounts of sweating, faintness and dizziness, gastric sensations, and sometimes a sense of imminent death. After such an attack, it is no wonder that people tend to feel exhausted (Montgomery, 2011; Carleton et al., 2014; Hewitt et al., 2021). Page 469 Panic attacks seemingly come out of nowhere and are unconnected to any specific stimulus. Because they don’t know what triggers their feelings of panic, victims of panic attacks may become fearful of going places. In fact, some people with panic disorder develop a complication called agoraphobia, the fear of being in a situation in which escape is difficult and in which help for a possible panic attack would not be available. In extreme cases, people with agoraphobia never leave their homes (Kim & Yoon, 2017; Stech et al., 2019; Preti et al., 2021). Acrophobia, the fear of heights, is not an uncommon phobia. What sort of behavior-modification approaches might be used to deal with acrophobia? Imagine China/Newscom In addition to the physical symptoms, panic disorder affects how the brain processes information. For instance, people with panic disorder have reduced reactions in the anterior cingulate cortex to stimuli (such as viewing a fearful face) that normally produce a strong reaction in those without the disorder. It may be that recurring high levels of emotional arousal that patients with panic disorder experience desensitize them to emotional stimuli (Maddock et al., 2013; Lai, 2019). GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER People with generalized anxiety disorder experience long-term, persistent anxiety and uncontrollable worry. Sometimes their concerns are about identifiable issues involving family, money, work, or health. In other cases, though, people with the disorder feel that something dreadful is about to happen but can’t identify the reason and thus experience “free-floating” anxiety. Because of persistent anxiety, people with generalized anxiety disorder cannot concentrate or set their worry and fears aside; their lives become centered on their worry. Furthermore, their anxiety is often accompanied by physiological symptoms, such as muscle tension, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, or insomnia (Starcevic et al., 2007). Figure 2 shows the most common symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. FIGURE 2 Frequency of symptoms in cases of generalized anxiety disorder. Source: Beck & Emery, 2005. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), people are plagued by unwanted thoughts, called obsessions, or feel that they must carry out behaviors, termed compulsions, that they feel driven to perform. An obsession is a persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring. For example, a student may be unable to stop thinking that she has neglected to put her name on a test and may think about it constantly for the 2 weeks it takes to get the paper back. A man may go on vacation and wonder the whole time whether he locked his house. A woman may hear the same tune running through her head over and over. In each case, the thought or idea is unwanted and difficult to put out of mind. Of course, many people suffer from mild obsessions from time to time, but usually such thoughts persist only for a short period. For people with serious obsessions, however, the thoughts persist for days or months and may consist of bizarre, troubling images (Rassin & Muris, 2007; Wenzel, 2011; Iliceto et al., 2017; Llorens-Aguilar et al., 2022). As the name suggests, as part of an obsessive-compulsive disorder, people may also experience compulsions. Compulsions are irresistible urges to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable even to them. Whatever the compulsive behavior is, people experience extreme anxiety if they cannot do it, even if it is something they want to stop. The acts may be relatively trivial, such as repeatedly checking the stove to make sure all the burners are turned off, or more unusual, such as washing one’s hands so much that they bleed (Moretz & McKay, 2009; Gillan & Sahakian, 2015; Robbins et al., 2019). Essentials of Understanding Psychology: 2024 Release Robert S Feldman
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- Week 5 Assignment: Mental Health Disorder Topic Proposal Paper
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- Essentials of Understanding Psychology: 2024 Release
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