| Definition | Mitigation changes exposure, vulnerability, or consequences to reduce the harm expected from future hazards. | Preparedness develops and sustains the people, plans, resources, training, and coordination needed to act. | Response manages urgent incident consequences to protect life, stabilize conditions, and meet immediate needs. | Recovery restores services, housing, infrastructure, livelihoods, and community functions after disruption. |
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| Primary decision question | How can future loss be reduced? | Are people and capabilities ready to act? | What must happen now to protect life and meet immediate needs? | How will functions be restored and improved over time? |
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| Purpose | Reduce or avoid lasting risk before the next loss or during rebuilding. | Build, organize, equip, train, exercise, coordinate, and sustain capability. | Manage urgent consequences, stabilize conditions, and preserve essential functions. | Stabilize, restore, rebuild, and use recovery decisions to reduce future vulnerability. |
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| Time horizon | Ongoing and long-term; mitigation can occur before or after an incident. | Before incidents and continuously as conditions and capabilities change. | During and immediately after an incident. | Recovery can begin during response and continue for years. |
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| Typical information | Hazard data, exposure, vulnerability, loss history, feasibility, equity, and expected risk reduction. | Capability requirements, plans, roles, resource inventories, exercise results, and documented gaps. | Situational reports, observed impacts, resource status, operational priorities, and immediate needs. | Damage and needs assessments, service disruptions, community priorities, equity, financing, and resilience goals. |
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| Common confusion | Calling every activity completed before an incident mitigation. | Treating preparedness as a synonym for all emergency-management work. | Calling an activity response simply because an emergency organization performs it. | Assuming recovery begins only after every response activity ends. |
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| What does not belong | A readiness exercise whose only purpose is testing an existing capability. | A permanent physical risk-reduction measure with no readiness purpose. | Long-term rebuilding whose principal purpose is restoring community function. | Immediate protective action whose principal purpose is life safety during active conditions. |
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